What Science is NOT
1. Science is not
a process which can solve all kinds of problems and questions.
The realm of science is limited strictly to solving problems about the natural
world. Science is not properly equipped to handle the supernatural realm (as
such), nor the realm of values and ethics.
2. It's not a process which can ignore rules.
Science must follow certain rules; otherwise, it's not science (just as
soccer is not soccer if the players don't follow the rules of soccer!)
3. It's not a process which seeks the truth or facts.
The goal of science is to come as close to understanding the reality of
the natural world as we can. It's never "truth" or "facts".
"Truth" and "facts" can mean different things to different
people.
4. It's not a process which attempts to prove things.
The process of science, when properly applied, actually attempts to disprove
ideas (tentative explanations)... a process called "testing", or
"challenging". If the idea survives testing, then it is stronger, and
more likely an accurate explanation. Supernatural causes can never be disproved
("anything is possible"), hence they cannot be part of any scientific
explanation (whether they exist or not).
5. It's not a process which can produce any kind of
explanation.
Science can produce only certain kinds of explanations. For example,
supernatural explanations cannot be used, due to the fact that such
explanations can never be disproved (supernatural forces, by definition, do not reliably follow the laws of nature).
6. It's not
a process which produces certainties, or absolute
facts.
Science is a process which can only produce "possible" to
"highly probable" explanations for natural phenomena; these
are never certainties. With new information, tools, or approaches,
earlier findings (theories, or even facts) can be
replaced by new findings.
7. It's not a process which can always be relied upon
due to its total objectivity and internal self-correction.
Science can be done poorly, just like any other human endeavor. We are
all fallible, some of us make fewer mistakes than others, some observe better
than others, but we are still subjective in the end.
8. It's not a process which is always properly used.
Unfortunately, science is all too frequently misused. Because it works so well,
there are those who apply the name of science to their efforts to
"prove" their favorite cause, even if the rules of science were not
followed. Such causes are properly labeled "pseudosciences".
In addition, some legitimate scientists have been known to do fraudulent work,
in order to support their pet ideas. Such work is usually exposed sooner or
later, due to the peer review system, and the work of other scientists.
9.
It's not a process which is free from values, opinions or bias.
Scientists are people, and although they follow certain rules and try to be as
objective as possible, both in their observations and their interpretations,
their biases are still there. The perceptions by female scientists may
be quite different from those by male scientists. Unconscious racial bias,
social status, source of funding, or political leanings can influence one's
perceptions and interpretations.
10. It's not a process in which the product
(understanding) is based on faith or belief.
The product of science (probable explanations for natural
phenomena) are always based on observations carefully analyzed
and tested. The high confidence we have in science comes from the many
successful applications to real-life problems (e.g. in medicine, space
exploration, chemistry and technology).
11. It's not a process in which one solution is as good
as another, or is simply a matter of opinion.
In science, there is a rigorous analysis and fair-test comparison of
alternative explanations, using discriminate criteria, e.g., confirmation by
multiple independent lines of evidence, leading to one "best"
solution.
12. Scientific
Theories are not "tentative ideas" or "hunches".
The word "theory" is often used this way in everyday
conversation, but a theory in science refers to a highly probable, well-tested
comprehensive explanation, usually for a large collection of observations.
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/sci.not.html